Suchergebnisse

The necessity for the United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) arose from a crisis in relations between the island's Greek and Turkish communities precipitated by an attempt on the part of President Makarios in November 1963 to adjust the 1960 Constitution in such a way as to lessen the influence of the Turkish minority within the state's institutions. An early unsuccessful attempt at mediation by Britain in the first weeks of 1964 (which aimed at a solution within the context of Nato) gave way to Security Council consideration at a series of meetings in February and March which resulted in a motion to dispatch a peacekeeping force.

The 1974 Cypriot War divided the island of Cyprus into two parts with a narrow demilitarized zone (DMZ) between the opposing Greek Cypriot and Turkish forces. The volatility and violence in this zone, called the 'Green Line', necessitated a constant UN peacekeeping presence that was achieved mainly with manned observation posts (OPs). About 150 of these posts were established by 1975 to maintain stability and prevent flare-ups, including any lethal exchanges between the two sides. By the early 1990s, many of the countries contributing peacekeepers to the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) had become tired of the stalemate and the lack of progress in negotiations (peacemaking), so they withdrew their troops from the force. This necessitated a reduction in the number of constantly manned OPs from 51 in 1992 to 21 in mid-1993. Further downsizing of UNFICYP by the UN Security Council in 2004 gave rise to a new approach to monitor the DMZ and produce actionable intelligence. Cameras were installed in hot-spots in the Nicosia DMZ and more responsive patrols were introduced as part of the new 'concentration with mobility' concept. This was the first time a UN peace operation used unattended cameras to monitor a demilitarized zone. This article examines the UN's difficulties and successes using the remote cameras, especially during important incidents. Other technologies that aided UNFICYP are also reviewed for lessons that might assist an under-equipped United Nations in its watchkeeping function. Adapted from the source document.

United Nations Peacekeeping in Africa provides an exploration of United Nations military intervention in Africa, from its beginnings in the Congo in 1960 to the new operations of the twenty-first century. The scene is set by an examination of the theoretical bases both of United Nations peacekeeping and of Africa's post-independence politics and international relations. The peacekeeping project in Africa is then described on a region by region basis - Central Africa, Southern Africa, West Africa, the Horn and Trans-Saharan Africa - with comparisons and contrasts within and between each part of Africa highlighted throughout. A number of key questions are considered: how have developments in the broader international system affected conflicts in Africa? what are the internal and external forces which have caused African states to 'fail' and 'collapse'? how have external powers 'used' UN Peacekeeping in pursuit of their own political agendas? what determines success and failure in African peacekeeping? are there African solutions to African problems which could supplant UN involvement? As well as providing an account of UN involvement, the book is concerned to explore the long historical origins of the African conflicts with which the UN has been engaged. Written in an engaging and accessible manner, United Nations Peacekeeping in Africa provides an invaluable examination of the complex issues surrounding UN interventions in Africa.

Intro -- UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING IN THE 21ST CENTURY -- UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING IN THE 21ST CENTURY -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING: CHALLENGES OBTAINING NEEDED RESOURCES COULD LIMIT FURTHER LARGE DEPLOYMENTS AND SHOULD BE ADDRESSED IN U.S. REPORTS TO CONGRESS -- WHY GAO DID THIS STUDY -- WHAT GAO RECOMMENDS -- WHAT GAO FOUND -- ABBREVIATIONS -- RESULTS IN BRIEF -- BACKGROUND -- UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS HAVE EVOLVED INTO LARGE, COMPLEX OPERATIONS CONCENTRATED IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES -- A POTENTIAL NEW UN OPERATION WOULD LIKELY REQUIRE SIGNIFICANT RESOURCES -- THE UN WOULD LIKELY FACE DIFFICULTY IN OBTAINING TROOPS, POLICE, CIVILIANS, AND LOGISTICS NEEDED FOR THE POTENTIAL NEW OPERATION -- THE UNITED STATES HAS PROVIDED ASSISTANCE TO UN PEACEKEEPING, BUT REPORTING TO CONGRESS PROVIDES LIMITED INFORMATION ABOUT GAPS BETWEEN AUTHORIZED AND DEPLOYED FORCE LEVELS -- CONCLUSION -- RECOMMENDATION FOR EXECUTIVE ACTION -- AGENCY COMMENTS AND OUR EVALUATION -- APPENDIX I: OBJECTIVES, SCOPE, AND METHODOLOGY -- APPENDIX II: METHODOLOGY FOR IDENTIFYING POTENTIAL NEW PEACEKEEPING OPERATION REQUIREMENTS -- APPENDIX III: COMMENTS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE -- APPENDIX IV: COMMENTS FROM THE UNITED NATIONS -- GAO COMMENTS -- APPENDIX V: ONGOING UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS, AS OF SEPTEMBER 2008 -- APPENDIX VI: MILITARY CAPABILITIES REQUIRED BY UN PEACEKEEPING OPERATIONS, AS OF NOVEMBER 2008 -- Chapter 2: UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING: ISSUES FOR CONGRESS -- SUMMARY -- MOST RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- INTRODUCTION -- CURRENT FUNDING SITUATION -- BASIC INFORMATION -- U.N. PROPOSALS FOR STRENGTHENING PEACEKEEPING -- THE UNITED STATES AND PEACEKEEPING PROPOSALS -- CONGRESS AND UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING: 1991-2006.

Explores the evolution of UN efforts at peace-keeping, particularly since the early 1990s. It combines academic analysis, field experience and reflection with proposals for more effective peace operations designed and deployed by the UN in partnership with regional, subregional and local actors